Ọbụna tupu a chọpụta insulin, achọtara ìgwè dị iche iche nke sel na agwaetiti.
Merlin na Kimball chọtara homonụ nke onwe ya na 1923, mana ọ bụ ole na ole nwere mmasị na nchọpụta a n'oge ahụ, naanị mgbe afọ iri anọ gachara, ọ bịara doo anya na homonụ a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ahụ ike nke metabolism nke ahụ ketone na glucose.
Ọzọkwa, ọrụ ya dị ka ọgwụ adịghị mkpa ugbu a.
Njirimara kemịkal
Glucagon bụ otu polypeptide siliki nke nwere nsị amino acid 29. Homodị omimi nke njikọta n'etiti glucagon na homonụ polypeptide ndị ọzọ, dịka
- nzuzo
- peptide na-egbochi gas,
- VIP.
Usoro amino acid nke homonụ a yiri n'ọtụtụ anụmanụ na otu na ezì, ụmụ mmadụ, oke na ehi; ọ bụ homonụ a na-eme ka mmadụ sie ike.
E kweteghị ọrụ physiological na ọrụ nke ndị na-ebugharị glucagon. Mana enwere echiche nke dabere na usoro iwu nke nhazi preproglucagon na ha niile nwere oru puru iche.
N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke islet nke pancreas enwere granules na nzuzo, nke na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti etiti, mejupụtara glucagon, yana mpụta nke glycine. Mkpụrụ ndụ L nke dị na eriri afọ nwere nnukwu nsogbu nke ihe glycine nwere.
O yikarịrị, na sel ndị a nke pancreas enweghị enzyme na-agbanwe glycine na glucagon.
Oxyntomodulin na-akpali adenylate cyclase site na ijikọ ya na ndị na-anabata glucagon dị na hepatocytes. Ọrụ nke peptide a bụ ihe dị ka 20% nke glucagon.
Protein glucagon dị ka ụdị nke mbụ na-agbasi mbọ ike ịhapụ insulin, mana n'otu oge ahụ ọ naghị emetụta hepatocytes.
A na-achọta Glycine, peptides glucagon na oxygenntomodulin bụ nke kachasị na eriri afọ. Mgbe mwepu pusiposịrị ahụ, njigide glucagog na-aga n'ihu.
Iwu nzuzo
Ihe nzuzo nke glucagon, yana njikọ ya bụ ọrụ nke glucose na-ahụ maka nri, yana insulin, abụba abụba na amino acid. Glucose bụ ihe na-egbochi ike ịkpụkọta glucagon.
Ọ nwere mmetụta siri ike na nzuzo na njikọ nke homonụ a mgbe a na-ewere ya ọnụ ọnụ karịa mgbe a na-elekọta ya n'ime intraven, nke a na-egosi site na ntuziaka maka ojiji.
N'otu ụzọ ahụ, glucose na-arụ ọrụ na nzuzo insulin. O yikarịrị, mmetụta a metụtara ọrụ nke homonụ na-agbari ma na-efunahụ na ọrịa mellitus na-arịa ọrịa na-adịghị mma (insulin-based insulin) ma ọ bụ na enweghị ọgwụgwọ ya.
Onweghi nke omenala a-sel dị na ya. Nke ahụ bụ, anyị ga - ekwubi na mmetụta nke glucose na sel, ruo n’ókè ụfọdụ, dabere na ọrụ ya na insulin insulin. Akpukpo aru na abuba, somatostatin na aru ketone na egbochi inzo na glucagon.
Imirikiti amino acid na - eme ka mmiri ọgwụ insulin na glucagon ghara inwe. Ọ bụ ya mere mgbe ị risịrị nri nke nwere naanị protein, mmadụ anaghị ebido hypoglycemia nke insulin na-arụ na ọrụ niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ.
Dị ka glucose, amino acid nwere mmetụta ka ukwuu mgbe e ji ọnụ mee ya karịa ka ọ gbara ya. Nke ahụ bụ, mmetụta ha na-esonyere akụkụ homonụ digestive. Na mgbakwunye, sistemụ glucagon na-achịkwa usoro akwara autonomic.
A na - eme ka ihe nzuzo ahụ na njikọ nke homonụ a site na mgbakasị ụdọ akwara ndị nwere ọmịiko na-ahụ maka ntanetị nke agwaetiti akwara, yana ntinye nke ọmịiko na adrenostimulants.
Metabolism na njikọ glucagon dabere n'ụkpụrụ ndị a:
- Glucagon na-emebi mbibi ngwa ngwa na umeji, plasma na akụrụ, yana na ụfọdụ anụ ahụ ezubere iche.
- Plasma ọkara ndụ ya bụ naanị nkeji 3-6.
- Homonụ ahụ na-atụfu ọrụ ndụ ya mgbe nchebe na-ekpochapụ nsị nke ọgwụ N-terminidine.
Usoro nke ime ihe
Glucagon na-ejikọ otu ụlọ ọrụ na-anabata ihe dị na mkpụrụ ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị chọrọ. Onye na-anabata ihe a bụ otu glycoprotein dị molekul kpọmkwem.
O nwebeghi ike iwepu ihe omuma ya kpamkpam, ma amaara na o di na protein Gj nke na-akpali adenylate cyclase ma na - emetuta oru ya.
Isi mmetụta glucagon na hepatocytes pụtara site na AMP cyclic. N'ihi ngbanwe nke akụkụ N-termin nke glucagon molecule, a gbanwere ya na agonist ele mmadụ anya n'ihu.
Ka ị na-ejide mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye na-anabata ya, ike ya ịgbalite njikọta cyclase adịkwaghị. Omume a bu njirimara nke des-His - [Glu9] -glucagonamide na [Phen] -glucagon.
Enzyme a na-ekpebi mkpokọta intracellular nke fructose-2,6-diphosphate, nke na-emetụta glycogenolysis na gluconeogenesis.
Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucagon dị elu ma mepụta ngwa ngwa, mgbe ahụ enwere obere insulin phosphorylation nke 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase pụtara na ọ na-amalite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka phosphatase.
N'okwu a, ọnụọgụ fructose-2,6-diphosphate n'ime imeju na-ebelata. Site na ịba ụba insulin na obere glucagon, dishosphorylation nke enzyme ahụ malitere, ọ na - arụkwa ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ na anyị na - amụba ọkwa nke fructose-2,6-diphosphate.
Ngwakọta a na - eduga na ịgbalite nke phosphofructokinase - enzyme nke na - eme ka mmeghachi nke glycolysis kwụsị.
Ya mere, na nnukwu mkpakọ glucagon, a na-egbochi glycolysis ma na-eme ka gluconeogenesis dịkwuo elu, ma nwee nnukwu insulin na-arụ ọrụ, glycolysis na-arụ ọrụ. Ketogenesis na gluconeogenesis na-ebelata.
Ngwa
A na-ezube Glucagon, yana njikọ ya, iji kwụsị mwepu hypoglycemia mgbe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume inye shuga shuga. Ntụziaka maka iji homonụ na-akọwa nke ọma ihe niile
Nke a na - abụkarị na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga. Ọzọkwa, a na-eji homonụ a na nyocha radieshon iji gbochie motali nke ngwara nri. N’okwu a, enwere ụzọ ọzọ maka iji homonụ.
A na-akpọ Glucagon, nke a na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe na ya, na nsogbu nke ezì ma ọ bụ ehi. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na amino acid nke glucagon n'ime anụmanụ ndị a dị n'otu usoro. Site na hypoglycemia, a na-ahụ homonụ ahụ intramuscularly, intravenously ma ọ bụ subcutaneously na ego nke 1 mg
N'ọnọdụ dị ngwa, ọ ka mma iji glucagon na ụzọ abụọ mbụ nke nchịkwa. Mgbe nkeji iri gachara, mmezi ahụ na - adịwanye mma, nke na - ebelata ihe ọghọm nke ọrịa ụjọ akwara ozi.
Hyperglycemia n'okpuru ọrụ glucagon dị mkpụmkpụ, ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị eme ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ahịa glycogen na imeju ezughi oke. Mgbe o mechara usoro ahụ, onye ọrịa kwesịrị iri ihe ma ọ bụ were ọgwụ gluu iji gbochie ọgụ ugboro ugboro nke hypoglycemia. Mmeghachi omume kachasị na-emetụta glucagon bụ vomiting na ọgbụgbọ.
- Edere homonụ a tupu ime nyocha ọdịiche nke X-ray nke eriri afọ, n'ihu MRI na echiche izizi iji mee ka akwara dị gị n’afọ wee mezie ọrụ ha.
- A na - eji Glucagon iji wepu nza gbasara ọrịa nke biliary tract na sphincter nke Oddi ma ọ bụ nnukwu diverticulitis.
- Dika ihe inyeaka na iwepu okwute na otite site na iji eriri Dormia, ya na mgbochi nke eriri afọ na mgbochi usoro n’ime esorogus ma meziwanye oru ha.
- A na-eji ihe nzuzo Glucagon dị ka ihe nyocha nke pheochromocytoma, ebe ọ na - eme ka mwepụta catecholamines site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke tumo a.
- Ejiri homonụ a iji gwọọ ujo, ebe o nwere mmetụta ezighi ezi na obi. Ọ dị irè na ndị ọrịa na-a betaụ ọgwụ mgbochi-beta, n'ihi na adrenostimulants anaghị arụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ.
